Destructuring assignment

The two most used data structures in JavaScript are Object and Array.

Objects allow us to create a single entity that stores data items by key, and arrays allow us to gather data items into an ordered collection.

But when we pass those to a function, it may need not an object/array as a whole, but rather individual pieces.

Destructuring assignment is a special syntax that allows us to “unpack” arrays or objects into a bunch of variables, as sometimes that’s more convenient. Destructuring also works great with complex functions that have a lot of parameters, default values, and so on.

Array destructuring

An example of how the array is destructured into variables:

// we have an array with the name and surname
let arr = ["Ilya", "Kantor"]

// destructuring assignment
// sets firstName = arr[0]
// and surname = arr[1]
let [firstName, surname] = arr;

alert(firstName); // Ilya
alert(surname);  // Kantor

Now we can work with variables instead of array members.

It looks great when combined with split or other array-returning methods:

let [firstName, surname] = "Ilya Kantor".split(' ');

// let [firstName, surname] = arr;
let firstName = arr[0];
let surname = arr[1];

// second element is not needed
let [firstName, , title] = ["Julius", "Caesar", "Consul", "of the Roman Republic"];

alert( title ); // Consul

let [a, b, c] = "abc"; // ["a", "b", "c"]
let [one, two, three] = new Set([1, 2, 3]);

let user = {};
[user.name, user.surname] = "Ilya Kantor".split(' ');

alert(user.name); // Ilya

let user = {
  name: "John",
  age: 30
};

// loop over keys-and-values
for (let [key, value] of Object.entries(user)) {
  alert(`${key}:${value}`); // name:John, then age:30
}

let user = new Map();
user.set("name", "John");
user.set("age", "30");

for (let [key, value] of user) {
  alert(`${key}:${value}`); // name:John, then age:30
}

The rest ‘…’

If we want not just to get first values, but also to gather all that follows – we can add one more parameter that gets “the rest” using three dots "...":

let [name1, name2, ...rest] = ["Julius", "Caesar", "Consul", "of the Roman Republic"];

alert(name1); // Julius
alert(name2); // Caesar

// Note that type of `rest` is Array.
alert(rest[0]); // Consul
alert(rest[1]); // of the Roman Republic
alert(rest.length); // 2

The value of rest is the array of the remaining array elements. We can use any other variable name in place of rest, just make sure it has three dots before it and goes last in the destructuring assignment.

Default values

If there are fewer values in the array than variables in the assignment, there will be no error. Absent values are considered undefined:

let [firstName, surname] = [];

alert(firstName); // undefined
alert(surname); // undefined

If we want a “default” value to replace the missing one, we can provide it using =:

// default values
let [name = "Guest", surname = "Anonymous"] = ["Julius"];

alert(name);    // Julius (from array)
alert(surname); // Anonymous (default used)

Default values can be more complex expressions or even function calls. They are evaluated only if the value is not provided.

For instance, here we use the prompt function for two defaults. But it will run only for the missing one:

// runs only prompt for surname
let [name = prompt('name?'), surname = prompt('surname?')] = ["Julius"];

alert(name);    // Julius (from array)
alert(surname); // whatever prompt gets

Object destructuring

The destructuring assignment also works with objects.

The basic syntax is:

let {var1, var2} = {var1:…, var2…}

We have an existing object at the right side, that we want to split into variables. The left side contains a “pattern” for corresponding properties. In the simple case, that’s a list of variable names in {...}.

For instance:

let options = {
  title: "Menu",
  width: 100,
  height: 200
};

let {title, width, height} = options;

alert(title);  // Menu
alert(width);  // 100
alert(height); // 200

Properties options.title, options.width and options.height are assigned to the corresponding variables. The order does not matter. This works too:

// changed the order in let {...}
let {height, width, title} = { title: "Menu", height: 200, width: 100 }

The pattern on the left side may be more complex and specify the mapping between properties and variables.

If we want to assign a property to a variable with another name, for instance, options.width to go into the variable named w, then we can set it using a colon:

let options = {
  title: "Menu",
  width: 100,
  height: 200
};

// { sourceProperty: targetVariable }
let {width: w, height: h, title} = options;

// width -> w
// height -> h
// title -> title

alert(title);  // Menu
alert(w);      // 100
alert(h);      // 200

The colon shows “what : goes where”. In the example above the property width goes to w, property height goes to h, and title is assigned to the same name.

For potentially missing properties we can set default values using "=", like this:

let options = {
  title: "Menu"
};

let {width = 100, height = 200, title} = options;

alert(title);  // Menu
alert(width);  // 100
alert(height); // 200

Just like with arrays or function parameters, default values can be any expressions or even function calls. They will be evaluated if the value is not provided.

The code below asks for width, but not the title.

let options = {
  title: "Menu"
};

let {width = prompt("width?"), title = prompt("title?")} = options;

alert(title);  // Menu
alert(width);  // (whatever you the result of prompt is)

We also can combine both the colon and equality:

let options = {
  title: "Menu"
};

let {width: w = 100, height: h = 200, title} = options;

alert(title);  // Menu
alert(w);      // 100
alert(h);      // 200

The rest pattern “…”

What if the object has more properties than we have variables? Can we take some and then assign the “rest” somewhere?

We can use the rest pattern, just like we did with arrays. It’s not supported by some older browsers (IE, use Babel to polyfill it), but works in modern ones.

It looks like this:

let options = {
  title: "Menu",
  height: 200,
  width: 100
};

// title = property named title
// rest = object with the rest of properties
let {title, ...rest} = options;

// now title="Menu", rest={height: 200, width: 100}
alert(rest.height);  // 200
alert(rest.width);   // 100

let title, width, height;

// error in this line
{title, width, height} = {title: "Menu", width: 200, height: 100};

{
  // a code block
  let message = "Hello";
  // ...
  alert( message );
}

let title, width, height;

// okay now
({title, width, height} = {title: "Menu", width: 200, height: 100});

alert( title ); // Menu

Nested destructuring

If an object or an array contain other objects and arrays, we can use more complex left-side patterns to extract deeper portions.

In the code below options has another object in the property size and an array in the property items. The pattern at the left side of the assignment has the same structure:

let options = {
  size: {
    width: 100,
    height: 200
  },
  items: ["Cake", "Donut"],
  extra: true    // something extra that we will not destruct
};

// destructuring assignment split in multiple lines for clarity
let {
  size: { // put size here
    width,
    height
  },
  items: [item1, item2], // assign items here
  title = "Menu" // not present in the object (default value is used)
} = options;

alert(title);  // Menu
alert(width);  // 100
alert(height); // 200
alert(item1);  // Cake
alert(item2);  // Donut

The whole options object except extra that was not mentioned, is assigned to corresponding variables.

Note that size and items itself is not destructured.

Finally, we have width, height, item1, item2 and title from the default value.

If we have a complex object with many properties, we can extract only what we need:

// take size as a whole into a variable, ignore the rest
let { size } = options;

Smart function parameters

There are times when a function has many parameters, most of which are optional. That’s especially true for user interfaces. Imagine a function that creates a menu. It may have a width, a height, a title, items list and so on.

Here’s a bad way to write such function:

function showMenu(title = "Untitled", width = 200, height = 100, items = []) {
  // ...
}

In real-life, the problem is how to remember the order of arguments. Usually IDEs try to help us, especially if the code is well-documented, but still… Another problem is how to call a function when most parameters are ok by default.

Like this?

showMenu("My Menu", undefined, undefined, ["Item1", "Item2"])

That’s ugly. And becomes unreadable when we deal with more parameters.

Destructuring comes to the rescue!

We can pass parameters as an object, and the function immediately destructurizes them into variables:

// we pass object to function
let options = {
  title: "My menu",
  items: ["Item1", "Item2"]
};

// ...and it immediately expands it to variables
function showMenu({title = "Untitled", width = 200, height = 100, items = []}) {
  // title, items – taken from options,
  // width, height – defaults used
  alert( `${title} ${width} ${height}` ); // My Menu 200 100
  alert( items ); // Item1, Item2
}

showMenu(options);

We can also use more complex destructuring with nested objects and colon mappings:

let options = {
  title: "My menu",
  items: ["Item1", "Item2"]
};

function showMenu({
  title = "Untitled",
  width: w = 100,  // width goes to w
  height: h = 200, // height goes to h
  items: [item1, item2] // items first element goes to item1, second to item2
}) {
  alert( `${title} ${w} ${h}` ); // My Menu 100 200
  alert( item1 ); // Item1
  alert( item2 ); // Item2
}

showMenu(options);

The syntax is the same as for a destructuring assignment:

function({
  incomingProperty: parameterName = defaultValue
  ...
})

Please note that such destructuring assumes that showMenu() does have an argument. If we want all values by default, then we should specify an empty object:

showMenu({});


showMenu(); // this would give an error

We can fix this by making {} the default value for the whole destructuring thing:

// simplified parameters a bit for clarity
function showMenu({ title = "Menu", width = 100, height = 200 } = {}) {
  alert( `${title} ${width} ${height}` );
}

showMenu(); // Menu 100 200

In the code above, the whole arguments object is {} by default, so there’s always something to destructurize.

Summary

• Destructuring assignment allows for instantly mapping an object or array onto many variables.

• The object syntax:

  let {prop : varName = default, ...rest} = object

  This means that property prop should go into the variable varName and, if no such property exists, then the default value should be used.

  Object properties that have no mapping are copied to the rest object.

• The array syntax:

  let [item1 = default, item2, ...rest] = array

  The first item goes to item1; the second goes into item2, all the rest makes the array rest.

• For more complex cases, the left side must have the same structure as the right one.