2 Nisan 2019

Bu materyal This madde henüz sadece: English, Русский dillerinde mevcuttur. Lütfen bize bu bölümün çevirisini Türkçe çevirmek için yardım ediniz.

Quantifiers +, *, ? and {n}

Let’s say we have a string like +7(903)-123-45-67 and want to find all numbers in it. But unlike before, we are interested not in single digits, but full numbers: 7, 903, 123, 45, 67.

A number is a sequence of 1 or more digits \d. To mark how many we need, we need to append a quantifier.

Quantity {n}

The simplest quantifier is a number in curly braces: {n}.

A quantifier is appended to a character (or a character class, or a [...] set etc) and specifies how many we need.

It has a few advanced forms, let’s see examples:

The exact count: {5}

\d{5} denotes exactly 5 digits, the same as \d\d\d\d\d.

The example below looks for a 5-digit number:

alert( "I'm 12345 years old".match(/\d{5}/) ); //  "12345"

We can add \b to exclude longer numbers: \b\d{5}\b.

The range: {3,5}, match 3-5 times

To find numbers from 3 to 5 digits we can put the limits into curly braces: \d{3,5}

alert( "I'm not 12, but 1234 years old".match(/\d{3,5}/) ); // "1234"

We can omit the upper limit.

Then a regexp \d{3,} looks for sequences of digits of length 3 or more:

alert( "I'm not 12, but 345678 years old".match(/\d{3,}/) ); // "345678"

Let’s return to the string +7(903)-123-45-67.

A number is a sequence of one or more digits in a row. So the regexp is \d{1,}:

let str = "+7(903)-123-45-67";

let numbers = str.match(/\d{1,}/g);

alert(numbers); // 7,903,123,45,67

Shorthands

There are shorthands for most used quantifiers:

+

Means “one or more”, the same as {1,}.

For instance, \d+ looks for numbers:

let str = "+7(903)-123-45-67";

alert( str.match(/\d+/g) ); // 7,903,123,45,67

?

Means “zero or one”, the same as {0,1}. In other words, it makes the symbol optional.

For instance, the pattern ou?r looks for o followed by zero or one u, and then r.

So, colou?r finds both color and colour:

let str = "Should I write color or colour?";

alert( str.match(/colou?r/g) ); // color, colour

*

Means “zero or more”, the same as {0,}. That is, the character may repeat any times or be absent.

For example, \d0* looks for a digit followed by any number of zeroes:

alert( "100 10 1".match(/\d0*/g) ); // 100, 10, 1

Compare it with '+' (one or more):

alert( "100 10 1".match(/\d0+/g) ); // 100, 10
// 1 not matched, as 0+ requires at least one zero

More examples

Quantifiers are used very often. They serve as the main “building block” of complex regular expressions, so let’s see more examples.

Regexp “decimal fraction” (a number with a floating point): \d+\.\d+

In action:

alert( "0 1 12.345 7890".match(/\d+\.\d+/g) ); // 12.345

Regexp “open HTML-tag without attributes”, like <span> or <p>: /<[a-z]+>/i

In action:

alert( "<body> ... </body>".match(/<[a-z]+>/gi) ); // <body>

We look for character '<' followed by one or more English letters, and then '>'.

Regexp “open HTML-tag without attributes” (improved): /<[a-z][a-z0-9]*>/i

Better regexp: according to the standard, HTML tag name may have a digit at any position except the first one, like <h1>.

alert( "<h1>Hi!</h1>".match(/<[a-z][a-z0-9]*>/gi) ); // <h1>

Regexp “opening or closing HTML-tag without attributes”: /<\/?[a-z][a-z0-9]*>/i

We added an optional slash /? before the tag. Had to escape it with a backslash, otherwise JavaScript would think it is the pattern end.

alert( "<h1>Hi!</h1>".match(/<\/?[a-z][a-z0-9]*>/gi) ); // <h1>, </h1>

We can see one common rule in these examples: the more precise is the regular expression – the longer and more complex it is.

For instance, for HTML tags we could use a simpler regexp: <\w+>.

…But because \w means any English letter or a digit or '_', the regexp also matches non-tags, for instance <_>. So it’s much simpler than <[a-z][a-z0-9]*>, but less reliable.

Are we ok with <\w+> or we need <[a-z][a-z0-9]*>?

In real life both variants are acceptable. Depends on how tolerant we can be to “extra” matches and whether it’s difficult or not to filter them out by other means.

Görevler

How to find an ellipsis "..." ?

Create a regexp to find ellipsis: 3 (or more?) dots in a row.

Check it:

          let reg = /your regexp/g;
alert( "Hello!... How goes?.....".match(reg) ); // ..., .....
        

Solution:

let reg = /\.{3,}/g;
alert( "Hello!... How goes?.....".match(reg) ); // ..., .....

Please note that the dot is a special character, so we have to escape it and insert as \..

Regexp for HTML colors

Create a regexp to search HTML-colors written as #ABCDEF: first # and then 6 hexadimal characters.

An example of use:

          let reg = /...your regexp.../

let str = "color:#121212; background-color:#AA00ef bad-colors:f#fddee #fd2 #12345678";

alert( str.match(reg) )  // #121212,#AA00ef

P.S. In this task we do not need other color formats like #123 or rgb(1,2,3) etc.

We need to look for # followed by 6 hexadimal characters.

A hexadimal character can be described as [0-9a-fA-F]. Or if we use the i flag, then just [0-9a-f].

Then we can look for 6 of them using the quantifier {6}.

As a result, we have the regexp: /#[a-f0-9]{6}/gi.

let reg = /#[a-f0-9]{6}/gi;

let str = "color:#121212; background-color:#AA00ef bad-colors:f#fddee #fd2"

alert( str.match(reg) );  // #121212,#AA00ef

The problem is that it finds the color in longer sequences:

alert( "#12345678".match( /#[a-f0-9]{6}/gi ) ) // #12345678

To fix that, we can add \b to the end:

// color
alert( "#123456".match( /#[a-f0-9]{6}\b/gi ) ); // #123456

// not a color
alert( "#12345678".match( /#[a-f0-9]{6}\b/gi ) ); // null

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