18 Haziran 2019

Bu materyal sadece dillerinde mevcuttur. Lütfen Türkçe diline çevirmek için bize yardım edin.

Fetch: Basics

Method fetch() is the modern way of sending requests over HTTP.

It evolved for several years and continues to improve, right now the support is pretty solid among browsers.

The basic syntax is:

let promise = fetch(url, [options])

url – the URL to access.
options – optional parameters: method, headers etc.

The browser starts the request right away and returns a promise.

Getting a response is usually a two-stage process.

The promise resolves with an object of the built-in Response class as soon as the server responds with headers.

So we can check HTTP status, to see whether it is successful or not, check headers, but don’t have the body yet.

The promise rejects if the fetch was unable to make HTTP-request, e.g. network problems, or there’s no such site. HTTP-errors, even such as 404 or 500, are considered a normal flow.

We can see them in response properties:

ok – boolean, true if the HTTP status code is 200-299.
status – HTTP status code.

For example:

          let response = await fetch(url);

if (response.ok) { // if HTTP-status is 200-299
  // get the response body (see below)
  let json = await response.json();
} else {
  alert("HTTP-Error: " + response.status);
}
        

To get the response body, we need to use an additional method call.

Response provides multiple promise-based methods to access the body in various formats:

response.json() – parse the response as JSON object,
response.text() – return the response as text,
response.formData() – return the response as FormData object (form/multipart encoding),
response.blob() – return the response as Blob (binary data with type),
response.arrayBuffer() – return the response as ArrayBuffer (pure binary data),
additionally, response.body is a ReadableStream object, it allows to read the body chunk-by-chunk, we’ll see an example later.

For instance, here we get a JSON-object with latest commits from GitHub:

let response = await fetch('https://api.github.com/repos/javascript-tutorial/en.javascript.info/commits');

let commits = await response.json(); // read response body and parse as JSON

alert(commits[0].author.login);

Or, the same using pure promises syntax:

fetch('https://api.github.com/repos/javascript-tutorial/en.javascript.info/commits')
  .then(response => response.json())
  .then(commits => alert(commits[0].author.login));

To get the text:

let text = await response.text();

And for the binary example, let’s fetch and show an image (see chapter Blob for details about operations on blobs):

let response = await fetch('/article/fetch/logo-fetch.svg');

let blob = await response.blob(); // download as Blob object

// create <img> for it
let img = document.createElement('img');
img.style = 'position:fixed;top:10px;left:10px;width:100px';
document.body.append(img);

// show it
img.src = URL.createObjectURL(blob);

setTimeout(() => { // hide after two seconds
  img.remove();
  URL.revokeObjectURL(img.src);
}, 2000);

We can choose only one body-parsing method.

If we got the response with response.text(), then response.json() won’t work, as the body content has already been processed.

          let text = await response.text(); // response body consumed
let parsed = await response.json(); // fails (already consumed)
        

Headers

There’s a Map-like headers object in response.headers.

We can get individual headers or iterate over them:

let response = await fetch('https://api.github.com/repos/javascript-tutorial/en.javascript.info/commits');

// get one header
alert(response.headers.get('Content-Type')); // application/json; charset=utf-8

// iterate over all headers
for (let [key, value] of response.headers) {
  alert(`${key} = ${value}`);
}

To set a header, we can use the headers option, like this:

          let response = fetch(protectedUrl, {
  headers: {
    Authentication: 'abcdef'
  }
});
        

…But there’s a list of forbidden HTTP headers that we can’t set:

Accept-Charset, Accept-Encoding
Access-Control-Request-Headers
Access-Control-Request-Method
Connection
Content-Length
Cookie, Cookie2
Date
DNT
Expect
Host
Keep-Alive
Origin
Referer
TE
Trailer
Transfer-Encoding
Upgrade
Via
Proxy-*
Sec-*

These headers ensure proper and safe HTTP, so they are controlled exclusively by the browser.

POST requests

To make a POST request, or a request with another method, we need to use fetch options:

method – HTTP-method, e.g. POST,
body – one of:
- a string (e.g. JSON),
- FormData object, to submit the data as form/multipart,
- Blob/BufferSource to send binary data,
- URLSearchParams, to submit the data as x-www-form-urlencoded, rarely used.

Let’s see examples.

Submit JSON

This code submits a user object as JSON:

let user = {
  name: 'John',
  surname: 'Smith'
};

let response = await fetch('/article/fetch-basics/post/user', {
  method: 'POST',
  headers: {
    'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=utf-8'
  },
  body: JSON.stringify(user)
});

let result = await response.json();
alert(result.message);

Please note, if the body is a string, then Content-Type is set to text/plain;charset=UTF-8 by default. So we use headers option to send application/json instead.

Submit a form

Let’s do the same with an HTML <form>.

<form id="formElem">
  <input type="text" name="name" value="John">
  <input type="text" name="surname" value="Smith">
</form>

<script>
(async () => {
  let response = await fetch('/article/fetch-basics/post/user', {
    method: 'POST',
    body: new FormData(formElem)
  });

  let result = await response.json();

  alert(result.message);
})();
</script>

Here FormData automatically encodes the form, <input type="file"> fields are handled also, and sends it using Content-Type: form/multipart.

Submit an image

We can also submit binary data directly using Blob or BufferSource.

For example, here’s a <canvas> where we can draw by moving a mouse. A click on the “submit” button sends the image to server:

<body style="margin:0">
  <canvas id="canvasElem" width="100" height="80" style="border:1px solid"></canvas>

  <input type="button" value="Submit" onclick="submit()">

  <script>
    canvasElem.onmousemove = function(e) {
      let ctx = canvasElem.getContext('2d');
      ctx.lineTo(e.clientX, e.clientY);
      ctx.stroke();
    };

    async function submit() {
      let blob = await new Promise(resolve => canvasElem.toBlob(resolve, 'image/png'));
      let response = await fetch('/article/fetch-basics/post/image', {
        method: 'POST',
        body: blob
      });
      let result = await response.json();
      alert(result.message);
    }

  </script>
</body>

Here we also didn’t need to set Content-Type manually, because a Blob object has a built-in type (here image/png, as generated by toBlob).

The submit() function can be rewritten without async/await like this:

          function submit() {
  canvasElem.toBlob(function(blob) {
    fetch('/article/fetch-basics/post/image', {
      method: 'POST',
      body: blob
    })
      .then(response => response.json())
      .then(result => alert(JSON.stringify(result, null, 2)))
  }, 'image/png');
}
        

Custom FormData with image

In practice though, it’s often more convenient to send an image as a part of the form, with additional fields, such as “name” and other metadata.

Also, servers are usually more suited to accept multipart-encoded forms, rather than raw binary data.

<body style="margin:0">
  <canvas id="canvasElem" width="100" height="80" style="border:1px solid"></canvas>

  <input type="button" value="Submit" onclick="submit()">

  <script>
    canvasElem.onmousemove = function(e) {
      let ctx = canvasElem.getContext('2d');
      ctx.lineTo(e.clientX, e.clientY);
      ctx.stroke();
    };

    async function submit() {
      let blob = await new Promise(resolve => canvasElem.toBlob(resolve, 'image/png'));

      let formData = new FormData();
      formData.append("name", "myImage");
      formData.append("image", blob);

      let response = await fetch('/article/fetch-basics/post/image-form', {
        method: 'POST',
        body: formData
      });
      let result = await response.json();
      alert(result.message);
    }

  </script>
</body>

Now, from the server standpoint, the image is a “file” in the form.

Summary

A typical fetch request consists of two awaits:

          let response = await fetch(url, options); // resolves with response headers
let result = await response.json(); // read body as json
        

Or, promise-style:

          fetch(url, options)
  .then(response => response.json())
  .then(result => /* process result */)
        

Response properties:

response.status – HTTP code of the response,
response.ok – true is the status is 200-299.
response.headers – Map-like object with HTTP headers.

Methods to get response body:

response.json() – parse the response as JSON object,
response.text() – return the response as text,
response.formData() – return the response as FormData object (form/multipart encoding),
response.blob() – return the response as Blob (binary data with type),
response.arrayBuffer() – return the response as ArrayBuffer (pure binary data),

Fetch options so far:

method – HTTP-method,
headers – an object with request headers (not any header is allowed),
body – string/FormData/BufferSource/Blob/UrlSearchParams data to submit.

In the next chapters we’ll see more options and use cases.

Görevler

Fetch users from GitHub

Create an async function getUsers(names), that gets an array of GitHub user names, fetches them from GitHub and returns an array of GitHub users instead.

The GitHub url with user informaiton is: https://api.github.com/users/USERNAME.

There’s a test example in the sandbox.

Important details:

There should be one fetch request per user. And requests shouldn’t wait for each other. So that the data arrives as soon as possible.
If a request fails, or if there’s no such user, the function should return null in the resulting array.

Testler ile korunaklı olan aç.

To fetch a user we need:

fetch('https://api.github.com/users/USERNAME').
If the response has status 200, call .json() to read the JS object.

If a fetch fails, or the response has non-200 status, we just return null in the resulting arrray.

So here’s the code:

          async function getUsers(names) {
  let jobs = [];

  for(let name of names) {
    let job = fetch(`https://api.github.com/users/${name}`).then(
      successResponse => {
        if (successResponse.status != 200) {
          return null;
        } else {
          return successResponse.json();
        }
      },
      failResponse => {
        return null;
      }
    );
    jobs.push(job);
  }

  let results = await Promise.all(jobs);

  return results;
}
        

Please note: .then call is attached directly to fetch, so that when we have the response, it doesn’t wait for other fetches, but starts to read .json() immediately.

If we used await Promise.all(names.map(name => fetch(...))), and call .json() on the results, then it would wait for all fetches to respond. By adding .json() directly to each fetch, we ensure that individual fetches start reading data as JSON without waiting for each other.

That’s an example of how low-level Promise API can still be useful even if we mainly use async/await.

Çözümü testler korunaklı alanda olacak şekilde aç.

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